The contraction of the market for special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) and the recent challenges de-SPACed companies have encountered have attracted considerable press attention. The stocks of many de-SPACed businesses — companies formed by the merger of a SPAC with an operating business — are trading well below the SPACs’ original IPO price, and a number have filed for bankruptcy.
Some press reports frame these bankruptcies as evidence that the 2020-21 SPAC boom was a “fad” driven by “hype” and “speculati[on],”1 but the reality is more complicated. Most de-SPACed companies that have filed for bankruptcy over the past year are early-stage technology or biotechnology companies strained by growing economic headwinds. In those sectors, even marquee names have suffered as macroeconomic uncertainty persists and potential sources of capital retreat to government bonds and other safe assets. But this flight to safety was particularly damaging to young, high-growth companies that required substantial additional capital to achieve profitability, forcing some into bankruptcy.
Bankruptcy, though, is not necessarily the end of the road for a struggling de-SPACed company.
Of the de-SPACed companies that have filed for bankruptcy thus far, most have successfully completed, or are pursuing, a reorganization or going-concern sale that will preserve much of the business. What that demonstrates is that boards, officers, stockholders and other stakeholders, as well as potential investors and acquirers, should regard Chapter 11 as a strategic option to rehabilitate a potentially distressed de-SPACed company. And investors in distressed de-SPACed companies should diligently monitor the company and understand the unique risks and opportunities a Chapter 11 proceeding may present.
The SPAC Boom and Subsequent Contraction
Most of today’s de-SPACed companies are the result of the boom in SPAC fundraisings in 2020 and 2021, when there were 861 SPAC initial public offerings (IPOs), accounting for more than half of all IPOs in both years.2 That, in turn, precipitated a wave of de-SPAC transactions as those SPACs sought out and combined with operating businesses. An unprecedented 34% of all 2021 going-public transactions took the form of de-SPAC mergers.3
The SPAC IPO market began to wane in late 2021 and contracted further in 2022. The number of de-SPAC transactions also declined: Just 100 de-SPAC mergers closed in 2022, compared to 200 in 2021.4 In addition, it became harder for SPACs to complete mergers with operating businesses as investors became more risk averse. When the SPAC presents a de-SPAC merger to its shareholders for approval, they have the option to redeem — cash out — their shares at the full IPO price, and many exercised that right. Where the deal went forward, that often resulted in less available capital. Redemption rates soared in 2022 and have remained elevated in 2023.
Why Struggling De-SPACed Companies Are Increasingly Seeking Chapter 11 Protection
Prevailing economic conditions, while challenging even for many mature companies, are especially vexing for the early-stage, high-growth companies that typified the recent SPAC boom. Many such companies intended to prioritize rapid expansion over near-term profitability. But the dramatic tightening of capital markets over the past 18 months has made it even more challenging for these companies, as they seek substantial additional capital required to sustain near- and medium-term operating losses while scaling their businesses to profitability.
Eleven de-SPACed companies that formed between 2020 and 2022, and one from 2018, found themselves in this position and have already sought Chapter 11 relief to address their challenges. A number of others are considering their strategic options, which could include bankruptcy protection. (The companies, the circumstances precipitating their filings and the outcomes of the cases are listed at the bottom of this article.)
In many cases, Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code offers a way to preserve the value of a business and maximize the benefits to stakeholders.
- It provides financially distressed companies with powerful tools to reduce or eliminate unsustainable debt and other liabilities while continuing to operate as a going concern.
- Unlike a liquidation under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code, Chapter 11 is a “debtor in possession” proceeding: The debtor, under the direction of its existing managers, retains possession of its property and continues to operate its business while the bankruptcy is pending.
- The aim is to rehabilitate businesses as going concerns. The basic premise of Chapter 11 is that even an insolvent (or otherwise financially distressed business) may have significant going-concern value after its existing debt and other liabilities are restructured, and that creditors as a whole are better off preserving the business and sharing in its going-concern value than liquidating it piecemeal.
- Chapter 11 affords debtors and their stakeholders significant flexibility to pursue a wide range of possible restructuring transactions.
- Some Chapter 11 proceedings yield a stand-alone restructuring where either (1) existing equity interests are eliminated and creditors emerge as the debtor’s new equity owners in exchange for their pre-bankruptcy claims or (2) a “plan sponsor” injects new capital in to the debtor in exchange for equity in the reorganized entity.
- In other cases, the debtor (or substantially all of its assets) is sold to a third party, with the consideration distributed among the debtor’s existing creditors and equity holders in accordance with their respective priorities.
Considerations for De-SPACed Companies and Their Stakeholders in Chapter 11
The small number of de-SPAC bankruptcy proceedings completed to date preclude any definitive conclusions. But some broad trends are evident. Perhaps most notably, most de-SPACed companies have opted for Chapter 11 proceedings: Just one of the 12 de-SPAC bankruptcies to date has been a Chapter 7 liquidation. In all the other cases, the debtor completed or is pursuing either a going-concern sale or a stand-alone reorganization in Chapter 11.
The sale price or the value placed on the business in the reorganization plan typically falls well short of the valuation implied by the company’s earlier de-SPAC transaction. But these transactions demonstrate that troubled de-SPACed companies may retain significant going-concern value even in today’s challenging environment. This has important implications for de-SPACed companies and their stakeholders.
Considerations for De-SPACed Companies
For managers of distressed de-SPACed companies, Chapter 11 offers powerful tools to address unsustainable liabilities and preserve and enhance value for stakeholders. And, because those tools are often most effective when a company files for bankruptcy proactively and in a well-planned fashion, management should view Chapter 11 as an option to be weighed alongside other strategic alternatives.
Important factors to consider in assessing whether a Chapter 11 process is a suitable option include:
- Liabilities to restructure. To what extent are the company’s difficulties attributable to excessive debt and other existing liabilities (e.g., above-market leases and significant litigation)? As noted above, the principal objective of Chapter 11 is to rehabilitate debtors burdened by unsustainable debt and other liabilities. The process is not suitable for companies with no significant debt or other liabilities to restructure.
- Liquidity requirements. How much, if any, additional near-term liquidity does the company require to sustain operations during its restructuring process and fund the administration of its Chapter 11 case, and what are possible sources of the necessary funding? Importantly, a de-SPACed company’s inability to access additional capital outside of bankruptcy does not mean that incremental liquidity will be unavailable in bankruptcy. Debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing is often available. DIP loans generally constitute superpriority, first-lien obligations, and DIP lenders often negotiate for significant additional advantages (such as consent rights over various elements of the debtor’s Chapter 11 case and the opportunity to “roll up” all or a portion of their existing debt into DIP loans). Consequently, debtors are often able to obtain DIP financing even though they could not have obtained similar financing out of court. Several de-SPACs that have filed under Chapter 11 have obtained substantial DIP credit facilities from incumbent lenders.
- Longer-term strategic options. What is the company’s plan to achieve profitability after addressing its existing liabilities in bankruptcy? Does a stand-alone reorganization plan yield greater value than a sale of the business? Notably, the flexibility afforded by Chapter 11 permits a company to pursue multiple options in parallel. (For example, lenders to Starry, Inc. and its affiliated debtors have agreed to support the equitization of their debt under a stand-alone reorganization plan, unless the company’s parallel marketing process yields a better third-party bid).
- Stakeholder perspectives. What are the rights, objectives, incentives and anticipated responses of creditors, stockholders and other stakeholders in a Chapter 11 process? The company should evaluate whether different constituencies are likely to facilitate or impede its restructuring objectives. As the de-SPAC bankruptcy cases below illustrate, creditor support can take various forms: extending DIP financing; credit bidding in a sale process; backstopping a new capital raise to facilitate the company’s emergence from bankruptcy; or agreeing to the equitization or other proposed treatment of existing claims. The company should consider whether it can expect the support necessary to successfully reorganize or sell its business in Chapter 11.
Considerations for Stakeholders
Creditors and stockholders of distressed de-SPACed companies should carefully monitor their investments and evaluate the implications, should the company file for bankruptcy. Stakeholder participation is a hallmark of Chapter 11, and well-prepared and well-organized creditors and stockholders may have significant opportunity to minimize losses and potentially capture upside value.
For example, creditors facing fractional recoveries on their existing claims might nonetheless have an opportunity, through a new-money rights offering, to invest in a rehabilitated company at a substantial discount to plan value. Similarly, while most Chapter 11 proceedings yield insufficient value to provide recoveries for existing equity holders, that is not invariably the case. And, in certain cases, existing equity holders could be afforded an opportunity to participate in a rights offering or other new-money investment opportunity.
Finally, de-SPAC bankruptcies may also present strategic bidders or third-party investors with a unique opportunity to purchase attractive assets at a favorable price.
* * *
De-SPAC Bankruptcies
The following is a list of the 12 de-SPAC bankruptcies filed to date, in the order they were filed.
Triggering events and information regarding the purpose of the filing and any exit come from various first day bankruptcy filings.
Chapter 11
| Alta Mesa Holdings, LP |
| Industry: Energy De-SPAC closing date: February 9, 2018 Chapter 11 petition date: September 11, 2019 |
Debt at petition date:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Legacy EJY Inc. (f/k/a Enjoy Technology Inc.) |
| Industry: Retail/E-commerce De-SPAC: October 15, 2021 Chapter 11: June 30, 2022 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Clarus Therapeutics, Inc. |
| Industry: Pharmaceutical De-SPAC: September 9, 2021 Chapter 11: September 5, 2022 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Fast Radius, Inc. |
| Industry: Technology/Software De-SPAC: February 4, 2022 Chapter 11: November 7, 2022 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Quanergy Systems, Inc. |
| Industry: Technology De-SPAC: February 9, 2022 Chapter 11: December 13, 2022 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Core Scientific Holding Co. |
| Industry: Cryptocurrency/Blockchain De-SPAC: January 19, 2022 Chapter 11: December 21, 2022 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Rockley Photonics Limited |
| Industry: Health care technology De-SPAC: August 12, 2021 Chapter 11: January 23, 2023 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Starry, Inc. |
| Industry: Telecommunications De-SPAC: March 29, 2022 Chapter 11: February 20, 2023 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Boxed |
| Industry: Retail/E-commerce De-SPAC: December 8, 2021 Chapter 11: April 2, 2023 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Virgin Orbit |
| Industry: Aerospace De-SPAC: December 29, 2021 Chapter 11: April 4, 2023 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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| Kalera Inc. |
| Industry: Agricultural technology De-SPAC: June 28, 2022 Chapter 11: April 4, 2023 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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Chapter 7
| Electric Last Mile, Inc. |
| Industry: Automotive/Electric vehicle De-SPAC: June 25, 2021 Chapter 7: June 14, 2022 |
Debt:
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Triggering events:
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Purpose and outcome of bankruptcy filing:
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ENDNOTES
1 Bailey Lipschultz & Jeremy Hill, “The SPAC Fad Is Ending in a Pile of Bankruptcies and Fire Sales,” Bloomberg Businessweek, Feb. 28, 2023.
2 Jay R. Ritter, “Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC) IPOs Through 2022” (Jan. 24, 2023).
3 Klausner et al., “A Sober Look at SPACs,” Yale Journal on Regulation (2021).
4 Data collected from Deal Point Data.
5 A sale pursuant to Bankruptcy Code Section 363, completed before a company’s reorganization plan is confirmed.
This post comes to us from Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP. It is based on the firm’s memorandum, “As SPAC Boom Subsides, Some De-SPACed Companies Seek Chapter 11 Protection,” dated April 20, 2023, and available here.