For decades, European policymakers have aspired to create a single capital market capable of financing innovation on a scale comparable to that of the United States. Yet, as reiterated by the recent Letta and Draghi Reports, that ambition remains …

The successful takeover bid by Monte dei Paschi di Siena (MPS) for Mediobanca is a landmark event in Italian corporate history. While offering lessons for corporate governance in Delaware and the U.S. generally, it sheds new light on an old …

Venture capital contracting is the function of a complex private-ordering exercise through which venture capitalists and entrepreneurs address the challenges of financing high-tech firms (Kaplan & Strömberg, 2004). Throughout decades of iterative practice, U.S. venture capital contracts have …

In a recent paper, we examine how the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CS3D) could reshape the behavior of American corporations. The CS3D holds large corporations legally accountable for how they protect human rights and the environment throughout …

Venture capital (VC) is a key driver of economic growth. A substantial body of legal and financial scholarship has examined the institutional factors that shape VC activity. In the first of two papers, we build on the idea that the …

Firms’ green claims have become ubiquitous in recent years. Products are “recycled” or “responsibly sourced,” financial instruments are “green” or “ESG,” firms promise to become “carbon neutral” or “net-zero,” and so on. But can the recipients of such claims assess …

In 2004, the European Union (EU) adopted the Takeover Directive, a framework statute aimed at regulating corporate control transactions and takeover bids targeting EU listed issuers. The Directive, amidst aspirations of fostering a unified market for corporate control and ensuring …

With (minority) shares now concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of institutions, institutional investors are expected to play an ever-increasing role in the governance of listed companies worldwide. However, it is uncertain whether institutional investors can actually …

Many of the world’s largest firms have recently announced their intention to reduce carbon emissions over the coming decades. The financial sector claims to have mobilized over $130 trillion in support of the net zero transition, and 33 percent of …

Mark Zuckerberg has virtually all his personal wealth invested in Meta Platforms (formerly Facebook). His incentives as controller of Meta are thus clear: Maximize firm value and private benefits of control, irrespective of the effect that might have on other …

On February 23, 2022, the European Commission issued its long-awaited proposal for a Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (the Proposed Directive). Under the Proposed Directive, large companies operating in the EU market must identify, prevent, and mitigate any actual …

Climate change is one of today’s most salient policy challenges. Under the Paris Agreement, 195 governments agreed to limit temperature increases to well below 2, preferably 1.5, degrees centigrade relative to pre-industrial levels. Since the magnitude of global warming is …

The traditional view of corporate law can be summarized as follows. Shareholders have a single well-defined objective, namely “to maximize the net present value of the firm’s earnings per dollar invested” (Hansmann, 283). Managing companies in the interest …