Sky Blog
On November 18, 2025, the Federal Reserve released a Statement of Supervisory Operating Principles that sets out changes to how Federal Reserve examiners should supervise banking organizations. The Statement translates Vice Chair for Supervision Michelle Bowman’s stated priorities into concrete …
On November 5, 2025, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”) adopted, by a six-to-one vote (with Governor Michael Barr dissenting), a set of revisions to the supervisory ratings system applicable to holding companies of large …
There is a venerable history of interdependence between sovereign debt and the financial system. The national banking system in the U.S. arose as a solution to fiscal challenges the Union government faced in the Civil War. A key requirement for …
We have argued that bank regulators should disclose more bank information than is now required.[1] This is because supervisory practices generally do little to promote transparency, which leads to opacity that interferes with the pricing of risk and undermines …
In a recent paper, I draw a rough map of the vast field of decentralized finance (DeFi). DeFi serves as an umbrella term for financial platform transactions that operate through automated protocols on blockchain and have prompted hard discussions …
The Financial Stability Oversight Council released its 2023 Annual Report, highlighting its 2023 activities, significant financial market and regulatory developments and potential emerging threats to U.S. financial stability. The 2023 Annual Report newly identifies artificial intelligence and insurance as vulnerabilities …
The report recently issued by the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) is quite different from the other reports published so far by the U.S. financial regulators in response to Executive Order 14067 on digital assets (FSOC Report).1 Helpfully, this …
As COVID-19 rocked financial markets in March 2020, the Treasury market failed to perform its role of maintaining financial stability. Unable to respond to the surge of investors liquidating their Treasury holdings to raise cash, the secondary market ground to …
When the COVID-19 pandemic shuttered major economies in March 2020, it also wreaked havoc on financial markets. In the first few weeks of March, investment-grade corporate bonds lost roughly a fifth of their value, on par with the declines in …
I want to thank my colleagues at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, especially Mary Daly, Galina Hale, Òscar Jordà, and Glenn Rudebusch, for organizing this research conference.1 The presentations today provide important insights into the many important
Thank you for the opportunity to speak to you today, it is great to be back in New York. The Citizens Budget Commission has played an important role over the years as a forum to discuss issues of interest to …