Sky Blog
On April 23, the Federal Reserve Board (the “FRB”) proposed a new, comprehensive framework for determining “control” under the Bank Holding Company Act (“BHC Act”) and Home Owners’ Loan Act (“HOLA”). We provide a high-level overview of the proposal below. …
After becoming one of the first countries to authorize the registration and transfer of unlisted securities using blockchain technology, France has adopted an innovative legal framework governing initial coin offerings (“ICOs”) and digital assets services providers (“DASPs”) with the aim …
In spite of intensive academic research on capital expenditure efficiency, how firms make investment decisions remains largely a black box. We analyze that process by dividing it into two stages: budgeting of capital expenditures (CapEx) and execution of the budget. …
Fifty years ago, banking was a relationship business. Bank managers collected information about depositors and borrowers from all sorts of sources, formal and informal. In recent decades, credit decisions have become far more data-driven, with companies like Amazon and the …
Depository institutions have been understandably reluctant to provide banking services to cannabis-related businesses in light of the significant (and costly) regulatory and compliance expectations that apply under the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and other anti-money laundering (AML) laws and regulations.…
A stock market is a key feature found in any economy with a substantial private sector. For example, in the United States, we see the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, in the U.K, the London Stock Exchange, and in …
Investment expenditure in Europe collapsed in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. This collapse followed a boom during which the corporate sector borrowed heavily (Gopinath, Kalemli-Ozcan, Karabarbounis, Villegas-Sanchez, 2017). Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the extent of the …
The United States had one of the world’s highest tax rates – around 35 percent – prior to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA 2017, and especially the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) rules in new tax …
Do investors behave rationally? Many researchers examine actively managed mutual funds to answer this question. The advantage of doing so setting is that we can observe the past performance of fund managers as well as the capital allocation decisions of …
While the list of prospective issuers with credit ratings is lengthy, literature is sparse on how ratings from multiple credit rating agencies (CRAs) affect the performance of a company’s initial public offering (IPO). Our research is motivated by the lack …
Not so long ago, most American jurisdictions followed the “new business rule.” If a business did not have a history of profitable operations, it would have been denied recovery for lost profits. That has changed. The prevailing wisdom nowadays replaced …
Regulators and policymakers have asserted that the public was “blindsided” by the “perfect storm” that caused the 2007-2009 global financial crisis (GFC, e.g., Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission [FCIC] 2011; Appelbaum 2015). Academic research has similarly found that market participants, including …
In a recent paper, we focus on the expected agency problems in equity crowdfunding markets and the governance mechanisms that might mitigate them.
In equity crowdfunding, there are two pronounced problems that result from significant information asymmetry associated with small …
On March 6, 2019, the Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”) issued new proposed guidance (the “Proposal”) regarding the designation of nonbank financial companies as “systemically important financial institutions” (“SIFIs”).[1] The Proposal makes substantial …
Early 2019 has seen a wave of issuances of secured bonds to finance large acquisitions. The likelihood of slower rate increases by the Fed has led to an uptick in investor demand for secured bonds while making the pricing on …
In the past 30 years, defaults on corporate bonds have been substantially higher than the historical average. Dividing the years from 1970 to 2016 into two equal periods, the default rate of U.S. corporate bonds rose from 0.12 percent to …
U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren recently proposed an ultra-high-net worth tax that would raise hundreds of billions of dollars in revenue per year while taking no money from 99.9 percent of U.S. households. Warren would annually tax household fortunes above $50 …
European private equity fund managers are well aware that demonstrating a commitment to responsible investment is becoming an essential component of a smooth and successful fundraising. Regulation is only one of the drivers for that change, but it is an …
In early 2009, with the financial crisis still raging, progressive policymakers passed legislation upending the credit card industry. This legislation precluded card issuers from changing interest rates without sufficient warning or charging exorbitant late fees. Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney, who sponsored …