While unequal voting structures in the U.S. are commonly associated with technology and media companies, there is no such industry specific tendency in Europe – with its tradition of so-called “loyalty shares” and government ownership. This paper surveying dual class



The Determinants and Consequences of Appointing Activist Directors
In recent years, an increasingly popular strategy among hedge fund activists has been to acquire seats on the boards of target companies. These board seats are held by what we refer to as “activist directors,” who may be affiliated with …