Few issues in corporate governance have become as politically charged as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) policies. What began as a framework for integrating ESG factors into investment and risk analysis has, in recent years, turned into a broader ideological …

Initial public offerings (IPOs) are one of the most important events in a firm’s lifecycle, often representing its first major interaction with public capital markets. To assess value, evaluate risks, and determine offering terms, investors, underwriters, auditors, and regulators all …

Most financing agreements define “Events of Default” as being triggered not only by serious defaults, such as a borrower’s failure to repay its debt, but also by relatively minor or technical “secondary” defaults not involving debt repayment. Typical examples of …

Large language models (LLMs) are capturing headlines and users as AI researchers push the limits of their capabilities. Those of us who work on understanding and analyzing corporations, whether as practitioners or researchers, are presented with two practical questions: What …

Private firms are the backbone of our economies, influencing everything from investment levels to job creation to market competition. Given their collective significance, various regulatory agencies outside the U.S. impose financial disclosure (and sometimes audit) requirements on these firms. In …

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) routinely monitors public companies to assess compliance with tax laws. The frequency of this monitoring is expected to increase significantly since the IRS recently announced its updated Strategic Operating Plan associated with the Inflation Reduction …

Following a lengthy and contentious standard setting process, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), the U.S. regulator overseeing the auditors of publicly traded companies, implemented Rule 3211 in 2017. This rule requires audit firms to disclose the name of …

The Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) section of annual reports is widely credited with providing valuable information about public companies. Yet largely unexplored is the extent to which narrative context influences and complements the numerical data presented in that section. …

Financial statement fraud has many negative effects, including a reduction in people’s willingness to participate in the stock market. It may also cast accountants in a negative light because they prepare and audit financial statements – sometimes even fraudulent ones. …

In recent decades, the rise of index funds (or passive investors), has caused heated debates over the efficacy of their stewardship role in corporate governance. Passive owners cannot influence the governance of a firm by selling its stock because the …

How comparable are the financial statements of M&A bidders and acquirers in the same industry? And does financial statement comparability affect the outcome of a deal? In a recent paper, available here, we investigate these questions, using a sample …

As the regulation of public company audits evolves, questions persist over whether there is still a gap between the public and auditors over expectations for the responsibilities of auditors – what we call the expectations gap. In a recent study, …

Corporate culture is an important determinant of companies’ behavior and success and, as a result, has drawn much attention, particularly from the business press. While some companies have received praise for their corporate cultures, others such as Wells Fargo, Valeant …

Venture capital and private equity funds are important equity investors in private companies (Hand 2005; Stromberg 2008; Kaplan and Stromberg 2009), and their investments are characterized by an extensive search process that imposes significant upfront costs for the funds (Chen …